Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

Laryngeal cancer develops in the tissues of the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx is located in the throat, at the entrance to the trachea (windpipe). It plays a crucial role in breathing and speech.

Understand this type of cancer in this guide. We will cover the epidemiology, etiology and prevention for the same.

Laryngeal cancer, primarily squamous cell carcinoma, is more common in men and is strongly linked to tobacco and alcohol use. Primary prevention focuses on eliminating these risk factors, while secondary prevention involves early detection through screening.

Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population. Laryngeal cancer is the second most common head and neck cancer. It is often linked to tobacco and alcohol use. Here are the key epidemiology aspects:

• It is the second most common respiratory cancer after lung cancer. It is more prevalent in men than women, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from 5.5:1 to 7:1.
• The majority of cases are diagnosed in individuals 55 and older, with the average age of diagnosis around 66.
• Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors. Other factors include occupational exposure, diet, and indoor air pollution.
• Five-year survival rates vary depending on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis, ranging from 65% for stage 1 to 32% for stage 4. 

You need to look for studies showing the cases of laryngeal cancer worldwide or in your state for more information.

Laryngeal Cancer: Etiology (The Causes)

If you want to get protection from this cancer, you must understand the things that can lead you towards it. Mainly, excessive alcohol consumption or tobacco use becomes the reason for this type of cancer. There is more information you need to look at:

• Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes is the most significant risk factor for this type of cancer. Cells in the larynx are damaged because of the carcinogens in tobacco smoke, potentially leading to cancerous growth.
• Chewing tobacco or other forms of smokeless tobacco also increase the risk of laryngeal cancer.
• Heavy alcohol consumption, especially when combined with tobacco use, elevates the risk.
• Alcohol consumption is particularly linked to cancers affecting the supraglottis, above the vocal cords.
• Exposure to asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain industrial chemicals, like those used in petroleum, plastics, and textile industries, can increase the risk.
• A diet lacking in essential vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin A, may increase risk.
• Individual who has a family history of head and neck cancer are at higher risk and must get checked on a regular basis for early expert intervention.
• Although a weakened immune system does not directly cause cancer, it can potentially increase the risk of developing it.

Moving forward, we will take a look at the prevention.

Laryngeal Cancer: Prevention

From the above-mentioned information, it is clear that alcohol and tobacco are the main risk factors, but we will take a look at broader aspects:

1. Smoking and chewing tobacco are major risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Quitting tobacco use, even after long-term use, can reduce your risk.
2. Excessive alcohol consumption is another significant risk factor. Reducing or eliminating alcohol intake can help lower your chances of developing the disease.
3. Some dietary changes can help reduce the risk. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables, particularly those high in antioxidants, may offer some protective benefits.
4. Exposure to certain workplace chemicals, like asbestos, can increase your risk. If your job involves such exposure, take necessary precautions and follow safety guidelines.
5. While not directly linked to laryngeal cancer, some cases are associated with HPV infection. The HPV vaccine can help prevent some HPV-related cancers, including those in the oropharynx, which can affect the larynx.
6. Pay attention to any persistent changes in your voice, difficulty swallowing, or persistent cough, and consult a healthcare professional if you experience these symptoms.
7. While there isn’t a specific screening test for laryngeal cancer, routine checkups with your general practitioner can help with early detection if you have risk factors or experience concerning symptoms.

Consulting a general practitioner or healthcare provider first-hand is the best way to detect the cancer or symptoms associated with it. You need to get monitoring done in time so that treatment does not face any delays and survival rates can be increased.

Healthcare professionals promote checkups regularly so that you can be sure and get the right treatment at the right time.